GE is the entrance stream for the following programs:
- Technology and Innovation Management
- Disaster Risk Management
- Climate Change and Development
- Material Science and Engineering
- Applied Mathematics
- Geospatial Engineering
- Sanitation Engineering/Science
The M.Sc. Entrance examination will be “Computer Based Examination” of two hours duration, consisting of two sections. Section- A consists of 45 questions for 50 marks. While Section-B consists of stream specialized course with 50 questions of 1 mark each. Each question will be of objective type with multiple choice answers and negative marking for each wrong answer is 10%.
Section-A (view details here)
Section-B
1. Traditional Surveying, Survey Networks and Modern Techniques of Surveying [12]
• Fundamentals of surveying; triangulation and trilateration; bathymetric survey for determination of depth of waterbodies and profile and cross-sections including discharge measurements; setting out of building, road, bridges and other structures; national trig points, reference level surface (orthometric, ellipsoid, geoid) and gravity measurement; principles of photogrammetry and remote sensing, application of photogrammetry and remote sensing; flight planning; photogrammetric products; different systems of remote sensing; distortions in satellite imageries; image processing and interpretation.
2. Spatial Data and Spatial Information System [10]
• Map projections and projected coordinate systems; vector and raster data format; topology; spatial data acquisition and analysis (buffer analysis, network analysis, spatial overlay, watershed analysis, terrain analysis, etc.); presentation of outcomes of spatial analysis; importance of GIS and web GIS, different fields of application of GIS and web GIS; E-R model; relational data model; spatial database management system (SDBMS); standard query language (SQL) for spatial databases
3. Geodesy, GNSS and Adjustment of Observations [12]
• Reference systems: astronomical, geocentric, geodetic and plane coordinate systems; ICRF, ITRF, ECEF, WGS84, Everest 1830; transformation between different reference systems; time systems; measurement of gravity potential; terrestrial, astronomical and satellite positioning; GNSS observables and mathematical models for positioning; satellite orbits; GNSS system biases and mitigation measures; satellite geometry and dilution of precision (DoP); GNSS survey techniques; field survey specifications; integration of INS in GNSS; augmentation systems; redundant observations, error eclipse and confidence level; linear and non-linear adjustment models; least square adjustment method; statistical testing (univariate and multivariate).
4. Cartography and spatial visualization [6]
• Elements of map; types of map; principles and planning of map design; map design procedure; map layout; color scheme; typographic guidelines; map production and dissemination techniques; application of GIS in map design; static, dynamic, animated, interactive and collaborative web mapping and OGC standards.
5. Cadastre, and Land Administration and Management [10]
• Concept and types of cadastre; importance of cadastral system; analog vs digital cadastral system; different components of cadastre and technical requirements for cadastral survey in Nepalese context; different methods of cadastral survey including workflow; land registration process, updating and archiving of cadastral documents in Nepal; legal framework for cadastral system; international practices in cadastre; different components and advantages of LIS; stakeholders and their role in LIS; maintenance of cadastre and LIS in Nepal; national land policy; land market, taxation, reform and land use planning; land tenure and tenure security; issues of land management; land conflict and its resolution; modernization of land administration and management in Nepal.
